Understanding the Role of a Wet Nurse

A wet nurse is a lactating woman who breastfeeds a child who is not her own. Once a highly organized and well-paid profession, wet nurses had all but disappeared by 1900. Before the invention of infant formula and feeding bottles made wet nursing virtually obsolete in Western society, aristocratic women commonly hired wet nurses, as breastfeeding was seen as unfashionable. The wives of merchants, doctors, and lawyers also preferred to employ a wet nurse rather than breastfeed because it was cheaper than hiring help to run their husbands business or manage a household. A Career for Poor Women Wet nursing was a common career choice for poor women among the lower classes. In many cases, wet nurses were required to register and undergo medical exams. During the Industrial Revolution, lower-income families used wet nurses as more and more women began working and were unable to breastfeed. The rural poor—peasant women—began to assume the role of wet nurses. The Advent of Formula While animal milk was the most common source for replacing human milk, it was nutritionally inferior to breast milk. Advances in science enabled researchers to analyze human milk and attempts were made to create and improve on nonhuman milk so that it could more closely approximate human milk. In 1865 chemist Justus von Liebig patented an infant food consisting of cows milk, wheat and malt flour, and potassium bicarbonate. The introduction of infant formula, the greater availability of animal milk, and the development of the feeding bottle reduced the need for wet nurses throughout the latter half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century. What's Different Now? After the rise of formula and the decline of wet nursing, the once common service has become almost taboo in much of the West. But as breastfeeding is an increasingly acceptable practice once more, mothers of infants are feeling the pressure once again to nurse. However, uneven maternity leave benefits around the nation and the real difficulties of breastfeeding mean that some women would likely benefit from returning to the age-old tradition of wet nursing. As The New Republic reported in 2014, sharing nursing responsibilities—whether by formally hiring a wet nurse or by figuring out an informal arrangement among friends—was looking to be a reasonable solution that could relieve the burden on working mothers without compromising their babies’ feeding. The practice remains controversial. Even the breastfeeding advocacy group, La Leche League, was discouraging the practice in 2007. According to spokeswoman, Anna Burbidge: There are very strong reservations against it, both medically and psychologically. There are potential hazards. The biggest risk is that of infection being passed from the mother to the child. Breast-milk is a living substance expressly designed by your body for your baby, not someone elses. Despite these risks, its not surprising that in this age of ridesharing and spare-room sharing, milk sharing is a phenomenon that some families are now trying. A Facebook group and milk-sharing sites have appeared, and according to a Netmums.com piece from 2016, the practice is on the rise. Their 2016 informal poll found that one in 25 women had shared their milk, and 5 percent of families had used milk from the more regulated source of a milk bank. As the taboo slowly lifts, this age-old practice may just make a real comeback. Source Stevens, Emily E., RN, FNP, WHNP, Ph.D., Thelma E. Patrick, RN, Ph.D., and Rita Pickler, RN, PNP, Ph.D. A History of Infant Feeding. The Journal of Perinatal Education at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Spring 2009.

The Chemical Reaction That Causes Rust

Rust is the common name for iron oxide. The most familiar form of rust is the reddish coating that forms flakes on iron and steel (Fe2O3), but rust also comes in other colors, including yellow, brown, orange, and even green! The different colors reflect various chemical compositions of rust. Rust specifically refers to oxides on iron or iron alloys, such as steel. Oxidation of other metals has other names. There is tarnish on silver and verdigris on copper, for example. Key Takeaways: How Rust Works Rust is the common name of the chemical called iron oxide. Technically, its iron oxide hydrate, because pure iron oxide isnt rust.Rust forms when iron or its alloys are exposed to moist air. The oxygen and water in air react with the metal to form the hydrated oxide.The familiar red form of rust is (Fe2O3), but iron has other oxidation states, so it can form other colors of rust. The Chemical Reaction That Forms Rust Although rust is considered the result of an oxidation reaction, its worth noting not all iron oxides are rust. Rust forms when oxygen reacts with iron  but simply putting iron and oxygen together isnt sufficient. Although about 20 percent  of air consists of oxygen, rusting doesnt occur in dry air. It occurs in moist air and in water. Rust requires three chemicals in order to form: iron, oxygen, and water. iron water oxygen  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  hydrated iron(III) oxide This is an example of an electrochemical reaction and corrosion. Two distinct electrochemical reactions occur: There is anodic dissolution or oxidation of iron going into aqueous (water) solution: 2Fe  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  2Fe2  Ã‚  Ã‚  4e- Cathodic reduction of oxygen that is dissolved into water also occurs: O2  Ã‚   2H2O 4e-  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  4OH-  Ã‚   The iron ion and the hydroxide ion react to form iron hydroxide:   2Fe2   4OH-  Ã‚  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  2Fe(OH)2 The iron oxide reacts with oxygen to yield red rust, Fe2O3.H2O Because of the electrochemical nature of the reaction, dissolved electrolytes in water aid the reaction. Rust occurs more quickly in saltwater than in pure water, for example. Keep in mind oxygen gas, O2, is not the only source of oxygen in air or water. Carbon dioxide, CO2, also contains oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water react to form weak carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is a better electrolyte than pure water. As the acid attacks the iron, water breaks into hydrogen and oxygen. Free oxygen and dissolved iron form iron oxide, releasing electrons, which can flow to another part of the metal. Once rusting starts, it continues to corrode the metal. Preventing Rust Rust is brittle, fragile,  progressive, and weakens iron and steel. To protect iron and its alloys from rust, the surface needs to be separated from air and water. Coatings can be applied to iron. Stainless steel contains chromium, which forms an oxide, much like how iron forms rust. The difference is the chromium oxide does not flake away, so it forms a protective layer on the steel. Sources Grà ¤fen, H.; Horn, E. M.; Schlecker, H.; Schindler, H. (2000). Corrosion. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.b01_08Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.Waldman, J. (2015). Rust - The Longest War. Simon Schuster. New York. ISBN 978-1-4516-9159-7.

The Health And Wellness Industry Recognizes How...

The health and wellness industry recognizes how implementing reward programs can motivate consumers and employees. A Novu survey found that â€Å"rewards act as an effective differentiator† to encourage individuals to take positive actions toward a healthy lifestyle. Data is helping brands customize the reward experience. No more generic campaigns or messaging geared toward the masses. Through personalization, businesses can develop targeted rewards programs and create a path for more intimate loyalty platforms with one-on-one relationships. Physicians, employers, and even insurance companies encounter difficulties when incentivizing healthy behaviors amongst their audiences. People lose interest quickly or dislike the benefits altogether.†¦show more content†¦Most loyalty programs are failing to meet people’s expectations. Look at the image below. Source Launching strategies without considering what individuals may want is a recipe for disaster. According to Brian Solis, principal analyst at the Altimeter Group, â€Å"Some businesses ‘talk at people,’ the opposite of actually taking their opinions into consideration and molding plans.† Brands must build valuable customer relationships. Unlike companies who only focus on a purchase transaction, loyalty programs can have a greater impact if they help the consumer. A satisfied person buys more products and services, as a result an increase in your sales. So, ditch your old-fashioned rewards program. Applaud positive behaviors and healthy living with a fresh approach. Move toward a paperless model, and leverage technology to boost your customer engagement. Take Action: Evaluate your current rewards program for outdated practices. Digital Rewards as the Solution Rewards is one of the fastest growing healthcare solutions. In 2013, employers spent $594 per employee on incentives. Digital rewards help companies move beyond the old ideas of rewards, like redeeming airline miles for magazine subscriptions. In â€Å"A Marketer’s Guide to Digital Giveaways, Promotions and Rewards,† experts discuss â€Å"how companies are winning customer loyalty by offering digital rewards such as Hollywood movies, best-selling e-books, top-40 songs and backstage videos.†

Adolescence Essay - 885 Words

Adolescence is the transitional period wherein a young person is expected to mature into a healthy adult. A young person may face several obstacles to learning the socially-responsible behaviors that go along with healthy, well-adjusted adulthood. These obstacles can include antisocial behavior. You can consider adolescent antisocial behavior in two ways: The presence of antisocial behavior and the absence of behavior that can be deemed prosocial. Examples of antisocial behavior include aggression, destruction of property and major rule violations. Most children exhibit some antisocial behavior during their development with some exhibiting higher levels than others. Some will exhibit high levels of both prosocial and antisocial†¦show more content†¦Antisocial adolescents can become adults who are more likely to be divorced, unemployed and have psychiatric disorders as well as substance abuse problems. Causes The factors that can influence or contribute to antisocial behavior in adolescents are highly variable; however, they typically result from a range of issues. Those issues can include family problems such as discord in their parents marriage, substance abuse by parents or physical abuse. Other factors include inconsistent discipline, frequent changes in their primary caregiver as well as in their housing. Factors like the inconsistent discipline can result in an adolescent not being exposed to consequences for their behavior. Inconsistent discipline can result from parents with substance abuse issues and who exhibit other antisocial behaviors. Note that substance abuse can correlate with financial stress; this often accounts for inconsistent primary caregivers and the need to change housing frequently. Antisocial behavior may be demonstrated in response to specific situations. Those situations can include the divorce of their parents or the death of a parent. 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Marriage in a Man’s World Free Essays

Marie de France’s epic poem â€Å"Lanval† is an outstanding work of satire that pokes fun at the societal norms of the author’s time, including government and the institution of marriage.   Though she never directly states it, de France paints marriage at the court level as a farce, a facade, and an arrangement of convenience rather than passion, love, or commitment. Marie de France wastes no time in laying the groundwork for the subtext of this poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage in a Man’s World or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Within the first few stanzas, as she paints a picture of the great and noble King Arthur, she manages to slide in a reference to King Arthur providing his Round Table members with wives as â€Å"gifts.†Ã‚   She mentions these gifts in the same breath as â€Å"lands,† which suggests the King views women as property and the institution of marriage as a kind of purchase agreement.   The art here is in the subtlety with which de France inserts this subversive idea into what seems like a simple description of a man’s virtues. The author reinforces her statement on marriage – specifically the sexist nature of marriage and relationships at the time – with the introduction of the mysterious, wealthy and beautiful maiden.   The maiden acts as a caricature of a male fantasy, approaching him out of nowhere with the offer of free love and devotion.   Only her physical and financial features are praised, and when Lanval agrees to her terms, she immediately allows him to sleep with her.   Lanval has found himself in the perfect situation – sex and wealth from a beautiful woman, and all he has to do is not acknowledge their relationship. It is not long before Lanval’s loyalty is put to the test and de France puts another nail in the coffin of marriage.   King Arthur’s wife, the Queen, apparently unconcerned with the fact that that she is married, offers herself to Lanval.   The author treats this as though a Queen coming on to a knight was common practice, even expected.   When Lanval denies her wish, the Queen is incensed; one gets the idea that she is no stranger to such an arrangement and not used to being turned down.   When Lanval professes his love for his fantasy maiden, he does so to disprove the Queen’s suggestion that he is homosexual. As one would expect, King Arthur is extremely angry when he finds out what has happened between Lanval and the Queen, though the version he hears is not the whole truth.   Arthur vows to bring the knight to justice in court, which is heavily swayed in the King’s favor.   However, when he brings the charges against Lanval he fails to mention that Lanval attempted to sleep with his wife.   Instead, he focuses on Lanval’s statement that his lover’s maidens were fairer than the Queen.   As it seems logical that King Arthur would be far more upset with the idea of Lanval sleeping with his wife than speaking these words, readers get the idea that perhaps King Arthur does not believe the Queen’s accusations.   Perhaps he knows and ignores the Queen’s unfaithful ways, and perhaps he is guilty of the same behavior. After a series of ridiculous happenings in which the male members of the court are nearly put into trances by a series of half naked maidens on horseback, Lanval’s beautiful maiden comes to his aid.   Upon witnessing her beauty, all side with Lanval immediately, King Arthur included.   By pardoning this man who has supposedly wronged the Queen, King Arthur gives insight into his priorities.   Since the mystery maiden is far more physically attractive and wealthy than the Queen had ever been, there was no way Lanval could have made such an advance on the Queen.   And even if he said the things he said, he spoke the truth.   In this comical twist by de France, the King is more than willing to put aside his honor and the honor of his wife for an attractive stranger. Marie de France makes her final comment on the male-female, love-marriage tradition with the image of Lanval leaping onto the back of the maiden’s horse and riding into the distance.   Clearly, de France is turning the typical boy-rescues-girl scenario upside down, and perhaps is suggesting that things in her time are out of hand and need some strong women to turn things around. How to cite Marriage in a Man’s World, Essay examples

Electronic Data Interchange Service Providers

Question: Describe about the Electronic Data Interchange for Service Providers. Answer: Electronic form of making contract has been in vogue for last many years. Earlier they were made with respect to Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. They were privately dealt with and were subject to charges entailed to them. The service providers catered to specific organisations that had their prerogatives for very specific purposes. They were usually done for communication purposes between the manufacturer, wholesaler and the retailer. It simplified the efforts taken by these individuals to make arrangements for trade. In absence of such services, there would be unnecessary burden of paperwork. However this service is limited to people who have long lasting relationship. Then only EDI subsists without impediments. These are established in traditional conceptualisation of contract but may not be apt in the virtual world of trade. The traders, who intend to enter into business through internet, must understand the nuances which are required and the process by which electronic forms of contract are formed. The following things are to be present in the elements of electronic contracts- An offer which is basically desire for making an agreement on the basis of certain conditions being fulfilled. It can be made through almost all possible modes of communication. It can be through telephone discussions or through electronic mails. In the case of Reese Bros Plastics Ltd v Hamon- Sobelco Australia Pty Ltd (1988) 5 BPR 97325 (NSW CA), the postal rule is applicable to only for fax, telex and telephone. A prerequisite with respect to any electronic offers is how the offer looks or specifically its appearance. The intent or purpose comes as a secondary condition. The stress is upon how a man of reason would make out of the offer. The content of the homepage of a website or the language of the email can make contents of an offer. The intention becomes immaterial whether the web page creator actually wanted to make an offer or not or whether the email sender actually had the intent to make an offer or not. An acceptance to any such offer can result in a binding contract. This is very different from a traditional contract where the intention is of primordial importance. Here the appearance of the web content of email is enough to constitute offer and does not require further explanation from the maker of the content. However it has been noticed that distinction can be drawn between an offer and inviting someone to the offer. Contents in the webpage showing products and services with a price tag associated with them are more like inviting for buying. It is completely the choice of the buyer whether he or she chooses to be lured by the advertisement. If they are not, an offer does not exist at all. If they proceed to comply by the invitation the offer exists. Hence it is always advisable to retailers who display their wares online to show a disclaimer that the products are mere advertisement and an invitation and not direct offers. The terms and conditions to such invitations should also be mentioned along with such advertisements. In the case of Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathans Merchandise (Victoria) Ltd Pty Ltd (1957) it was observed that acceptance is not proper when the manner of conveying is not thought of by the offeror. The offer is made by the consumer. The contract becomes binding when the retailer shows acceptance to that offer by agreeing to sell the product or service at the agreed terms and conditions. There is a rule in postal services that contract gets formed when a letter is sent accepting the offer. This concept is discussed in the case of Adam v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250. It is a classic old English case where it is discussed that acceptance actually happens when the acceptor of the offer sends his/her letter of acceptance through post. It is of primordial importance to ensure the time when the contract actually started. It is also essential to determine what law governs the formation of such contract. It has always been noticed that there is always an uncertain area regarding legal implicatio ns when one determines acceptance in case of internet contracts. In such cases it is necessary to determine how law has taken its stand in other types of communication. The most well known forms of other types of communications can be telegram, postal service, facsimile (fax) and telex. It is essential to determine the instances of acceptance in respect to all these types of communication- Telex- In the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp (1955)2 QBD 1327 the judge found out that the rules which apply to postal services were not much relevant in cases of telex services. The traditional rules of contract were more relevant in such cases which say that the contract comes into effect when the acceptance is received. The judge was also of the view that telex services were not similarly comparable to telegram and post. The difference that was drawn was that telex mode of communication was more spontaneous way of communicating. The earlier decision drew support in the case of Brinkibon v Stahag v Stahal (1983) 2 AC 34. Here the postal method was compared in respect to present day dynamism in technology. It was suggested that a flexible approach should have been taken. In telex, the messages were not bound to reach the chosen recipient at once since a plethora of issues result hindrances while transmission. Hence it was difficult to justify all case by using a single ru le. Emails- Email is considered as the most spontaneous form of communication. They are not very accurate since they get delayed in transit and the time taken for an email to reach is also uncertain. Emails do not get delivered for various reasons. Often the email reaches the recipient but stays the in the in- box unseen and unread for many time. The traditional rules of contract are similarly applicable for emails and acceptance is taken into cognizance when the email gets read rather than when it gets sent. This principle is discussed in details in the case of Nunin Holdings v Tullarmarine Estates (1994) 1VR 47at 83. In commercial contracts consideration is referred to goods delivered and money paid for the goods delivered. The preconditions of consideration are no impediment to invalidate internet contracts where products and money is in transit. However doubt is raised over click wrap agreements of having considerations. These refer to services where by clicking on a link of the webpage online services like shareware get delivered. Courts usually refuse to consider such products or free software as genuine services and hence they negate the concept of consideration. There is always a legal relation created in any online commercial transaction though the notion is subject to review. The online retailer need not make much effort to prove that in case of refusal to pay by the customer, the presence of a contract. The customer must be made to go through procedures disallowing counter charge. Since there is little chance of one to one dealing, it is difficult to ensure legal capacity of the parties. Hence the parties to the contract have to fill online forms where every single detail of the parties are entered including identity proof validated by legal authorities[1]. A concept must be pondered that whether a mistaken offer can be rescinded by the person offering. It is said that between the act of sending the offer and the recipient gaining knowledge of the offer, the offer can be cancelled. Even before the recipient provides acceptance, the offer can be rescinded. However once acceptance is given by the recipient, it is impossible to rescind the offer since the offer gets its acceptance and a contract is created. The present contract nuance can be found in the case of Mobil Oil Australia v Wellcome International Mobil Oil v Lyndel Nominees [1998] FCA 205; (1998) 81 FCR 475. Section 7 of the Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 {Act No.20/2000} speaks of legality of electronic retail system and validates them[2]. There is always chance of clashes and disputes when contractual relation is created through electronic medium. They include money which is significant in nature. Often the disputes become litigation bound. In these cases the costs of filing the case and defending the case cross the actual value of the product or service. In these situations, the concept of alternative dispute resolution is always effective. The parties to the contract have the choice to avoiding litigation and may refer their dispute to arbitration, conciliation or mediation. The parties can appoint a middle person known as the referee who is equipped with the ability to solve difficult issues regarding legal related and technology related matters. They will also help to resolve the matter by curbing excessive expenditure and saving time. The most significant use of ADR was during disputes of Y2K which had large amount of money involved with it. The question is whether the concept of alternate dispute resolution will turn out to be a stable alternative for the e-commerce industry. It is predicted that ADR will play a significant role in the future of digitalisation. It play a pivotal role in tackling challenging new problems that will emerge from the use of internet for carrying transactions of commercial nature. There are existences of forums on the internet that provide ADR services who are a saviour to parties suffering from online frauds. They are suitable alternatives to lengthy court procedures where expenses exceed the value of the claim. It is seen that people who are well versed in e-commerce can act as mediators in alternative dispute resolution system. This system can be followed in ICANN Uniform domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. However certain issues rise when contracts are created through electronic medium. In maximum of the commercial electronic trade, there is only a single evidence of the contract which are the machine generated reports describing the trade details. However the problem that arises is that it is easy to tamper data stored in computer. The risk which the parties to the online trade face is that any other person can access to the trade data, change them or even delete them from the database without being caught. This becomes a grave concern when the documents are required in case any dispute pertaining to the trade. The evidence to the dispute will be destroyed and justice will be difficult to access. Hence it is the responsibility of the parties to the electronic transaction to ensure that information regarding the trade should be well secured. This could be done by electronically locking the computer with complex codes and passwords. Help can be secured from software experts to achieve t he same. So the biggest problem in a court is the evidentiary value of the computer created reports. It is very difficult to prove that the records are genuine because the content is insecure and can be easily accessed by third party hence making it vulnerable to tampering. There is way to avoid this serious issue[3]. Digital Signature Technology is a helpful solution. It will cater to save the evidentiary worth of the documents and save the authenticity of them in courts. By the use of digital signature, a message or document is converted by the method of cryptography. This technology helps to clarify the authenticity of the information and validates the trueness of the signatory. It also helps the party to ensure that the particular document was sent by a particular person. If any nuance of the document digitally secured gets tampered, by verifying one will be able to understand that the document has been changed as it is digitally signed. It will also be ensured that the digital signature is not made by the original signatory[4]. If any case of tampered records is discussed in courts, the court will reconsider the evidentiary value and excuse the glitch. Since the growth of technology is elevating tenfold, over a period of time digital signatures are losing the essence of security[5]. The concept of contract formation by internet and other electronic medium is still in rising and is gaining popularity in all straights in life. However since the electronic space is insecure in nature, third party with technical skills can misappropriate the information available, it is essential to ensure appropriate safeguards to secure the authenticity of the documents so that they do not lose the evidentiary value in the courts of law. Bibliography The Effective Formation Of Contracts By Electronic Means(2016) .austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ANZCompuLawJl/2001/33.pdf Davidson, Alan,The Law Of Electronic Commerce(Cambridge University Press, 2009) Australian Government Review Of Australian Contract Law(2012) lawsociety.com.au https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetyounglawyers/644777.pdf THE PAPERLESS CONTRACT(2015) www.nortongledhill.com.au https://www.nortongledhill.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/The-Paperless-Contract.pdf E-Commerce | Attorney-General's Department(2016) Ag.gov.au https://www.ag.gov.au/RightsAndProtections/ECommerce/Pages/default.aspx Formation Of Contracts By Email Is It Just The Same As The Post?(2016) User/Downloads/58-116-1-SM https://file:///D:/User/Downloads/58-116-1-SM%20(1).pdf Electronic Transactions (Victoria) Act 2000 Act No. 20/2000(2016) https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/ https://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/web_notes/ldms/pubstatbook.nsf/f932b66241ecf1b7ca256e92000e23be/f3176112f522da6bca256e5b00213e26/$FILE/00-020a.pdf

Marketing Mang KOtler test bank ch cosumer free essay sample

Chapter 6 – Analyzing Consumer Markets and Buyer Behavior True/False Questions 1. Whirlpool uses staff anthropologists to determine how exotic cultures do their laundry. False (easy) p. 111 2. Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. True (moderate) p. 112 3. Social classes are relatively heterogeneous and enduring divisions in a society. False (difficult) p. 113 4. If you reject the values of a particular group, it is considered a dissociative group. True (moderate) p. 113 5. Religious, professional, and trade union groups are types of secondary reference groups. True (moderate) p. 113 6. Of the major factors influencing buying behavior, your family will exert the broadest and deepest influence. True (moderate) pp. 114-115 7. Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. True (easy) pp. 114-115 8. An opinion leader is a person who offers informal advice or information about some product category. True (easy) p. 114 9. The value of the social class concept to marketers is that members of a given class tend to share similar values, interests, and behavior. True (moderate) p. 113 10. Usually people from the same subculture, social class, and/or occupation have essentially the same lifestyle. False (moderate) p. 116 11. The buyer’s age and occupation are considered personal factors that may affect buying decisions. True (easy) pp. 115-116 12. Because human needs are universal, status symbols are the same worldwide. False (moderate) p. 117 13. VALS 2 is designed to reveal why people believe and act as they do, specifically their consumer behavior. True (moderate) p. 116 14. The VALS 2 segment Experiencers is made up of conservative, conventional, and traditional people who favor familiar products and established brands. False (moderate) p. 116 15. Perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. True (moderate) p. 118 16. Most human behavior is learned. True (easy) p. 119 17. The buying decision process will involve the same stages regardless of whether the purchase reflects high or low involvement. False (moderate) p. 120 18. If in order to buy a computer, James visited several electronic stores, read magazine reviews, and talked to several friends, he would have exhibited high involvement in the consumer decision process. She has gone to the country club every weekend since she can remember. She likes to take tennis lessons and has even tried golfing. She is co-captain of her high school’s varsity cheerleading squad. Her parents would like her to join the Honor Society (his grades are good enough), but she thinks its members are losers. Her boyfriend is a starter on the basketball team. In a short essay, identify the different types of reference groups and discuss the three ways they influence behavior. Answer: Tiffany’s parents, the other cheerleaders, and the Blink-182 fan club are primary groups. The people at the country club is a secondary reference group. She sees the Honor Society group as a dissociative reference group. The boyfriend’s clique may be an aspirational group. Tiffany’s reference groups expose her to new behaviors and lifestyles. They influence her attitude and self-concept. And they create pressure for conformity that might affect actual product and brand choices. (moderate) pp. 113-115 73. Aubrey, Will, and Miguel were watching the Arizona Diamondbacks on television when a Dodge truck commercial came on followed shortly by one for Toyota trucks. Will is in the market for a new truck, so he paid close attention to both commercials. Aubrey saw the same commercial and wondered why anyone would want to run a shiny new truck through all that mud. If you had to drive it in the mud, then a truck was not for her. Miguel used to have a Toyota truck and decided that if his experience were any indicator, the Toyota truck truly is â€Å"the mayor of Truckville. † In a short essay, discuss how their responses to the TV commercials illustrate perception? p. 118 74. The information search in the buying decision process involves gathering information from a number of sources. In a short essay, name the four different sources and give examples of each source an individual would use when buying new carpeting. Answer: Personal sources would include family, friends, neighbors, and acquaintances. Commercial sources would include advertising, salespeople, and store displays. Public sources include publicity pieces in print and broadcast media, including the Internet, and reports by consumer-rating organizations. Experiential sources might by taking your shoes off and walking on samples at the store or feeling a friend’s new living room carpeting with your hands.  (easy) p. 122 75. Explain how a consumer buying a car is involved in a cluster of activities, as opposed to being involved in only a single task. Answer: The act of making a decision to buy a car is itself a complex task. But consumers engaged in such a process are generally in the market for other related goods and services at the same time. For example, after deciding which car to purchase, the consumer needs to consider car insurance providers, their premiums and service levels. Most consumers finance, rather than pay for a car outright. This involves assessing different options, such as which bank, credit union, or other source to choose, as well a comparison of the interest rates they each may charge. The consumer also may be considering whether to add on accessories, either as part of the purchase or as post-purchase additions. This is referred to as an activity cluster in the text. (moderate) p. 121 Mini-Cases Mini-Case 6-1 Sean McMillan is shopping for a new car. He is very concerned about receiving value for his money. He believes cars are transportation and should be driven until they fall apart. He does not understand how people can trade in their car for a new one every few years. This view of cars is very much part of his Scottish-Irish heritage. Sean’s lifestyle can be best described as comfortable, frugal, reflective, mature, and stable. He favors durability, functionality, and value in the products he buys. He must have a vehicle that is large enough to hold his two teenagers comfortably. After talking to his wife, his brother, and a few co-workers, Jim test drives a minivan but decides he likes SUVs with V-8 engines. 76. Refer to Mini-Case 6-1.